Class Presentations On Crucial Conversations Philosophy Essay

Class Presentations On Crucial Conversations Philosophy Es formulateCon situationr our class presentations on Crucial Conversations. Please diagnose and define the gravest ace elements of a life-or-death confabulation. What makes these conversations difficult for tribe and what tooshie you do to enhance your ability to open an effective life-or-death conversation? On that none, what makes for an effective conversation?A essential conversation is a discussion between two or more(prenominal) people where s resumes atomic number 18 high, opinions vary, and emotions run strong. When we demonstrate crucial conversations, we digest do one of three things We bear avoid them, we can face them and handle them poorly, or we can face them and handle them well. Ironic bothy, the more crucial the conversation, the less likely we be to handle it well. We often hold things inside by going silent until we can take it no longer-and then we sway a bomb. In short, we choke between sil ence and violence-we either dont handle the conversation, or dont handle it well. We may not be travel along physically violent, but we do attack others ideas and tactile sensations. When we fail a crucial conversation, every aspect of our lives can be affected-from our cargoners, to our communities, to our relationships, to our personal health.When a conversation turns crucial, we either miss or interpret the early warning signs. The sooner we notice were not in dialogue, the quicker we can get back to dialogue and the lower the cost. As you pull bulge of the content of a conversation and learn to look for the conditions of dialogue, pay attention to early warning signs. Learn to look for when a conversation becomes crucial. A larger-than-life part of this is watching your actions and emotions, as well as the actions and emotions of the other person. Paying attention to both the content of the discussion and how people ar acting and tonicitying is no easy task. But its an ess ential part of dialogue. As long as your intent is pure and you learn how to make it safe for others, you can communion to al nigh anyone about almost anything. The delineate is to make the other person feel safe. To do this, there ar two things the person learns to beFirst, they need to know that you care about their better interests and goals. This is called mutual purpose.Second, they need to know that you care about them. This is called mutual respect.When people believe both of these things, they decompress and can absorb what youre saying they feel safe. The instant they dont believe them, safety breaks down and silence or violence follows. To restore safety in the face of silence or violence, you mustiness restore mutual purpose and respect. When we become upset, our most common reaction is to defend ourselves and place the blame on mortal else. As convenient as it is to blame others for pushing our buttons and causing us to become upset, its not exactly true. The ke y to how we feel lies in the stories we tell. These stories consist of our shooter as to why people do what they do. As we become emotional, our story seems to be What is the worst and most hurtful way I can take this? This negative spin escalates our emotions and ca economic consumptions us to do the worst when it matters the most. To break away from your volatile emotions, you must rethink the conclusions you drew and the judgments you made. That requires you to tell the rest of the story. New stories piddle new feelings and support new and healthier actions. Better still, new stories often encourage you to return to dialogue.You have to know how to speak without offending and how to be persuasive without being abrasive. The five skills help us do just that to confidently state our opinions and humbly and sincerely invite others to do the same. The five skills that help us share our tough messages are called STATEShare your factsTell your storyAsk for others pathsTalk tentative ly Encourage testingAs we see others lamentable to silence or violence-sharing mostly stories or very little at all-it helps us stay in dialogue if we can encourage them to share their finished trail to Action, or the explanation of how emotions, thoughts, and experiences lead to our actions. We have to find a way to move others back to their facts. We exemplaryly join them at the end of their Path to Action. They show us their feelings and share their stories, but we may not know what they actually traced. We know what they think, but we dont know what we or others may have done. When others go to silence or violence, actively explore their path. Exploring helps others move away from harsh feelings and knee-jerk reactions and toward the root causes of those feelings and reactions. It also helps curb our own defensive response. Rather than ask, Whats the worst and most personal way I can take this? (leading to defensiveness), we should ask, Why would a reasonable, rational, and decent person think or feel this way? (leading to curiosity). Its hard to feel defensive and curious at the same magazine. Finally, it takes us to the only place where the feelings can be resolved The source (the facts and story behind the emotions).If you dont take action, all crucial conversation is for nothing and go forth eventually lead to disappointment and hard feelings. Always agree on when and how follow-up will occur. It could be a simple e-mail confirming action by a certain date. It could be a full report in a team meeting. It could be just one report upon completion, or it could be progress checks along the way. Regardless of the method or frequency, follow-up is critical in creating action. There is no accountability if there is not an opportunity to account for action. Document your work Effective teams and healthy relationships are supported by records of the consequential decisions made later(prenominal) difficult dialogues, and the assignments agreed upon. Goo d teams revisit these documents to follow up on both the decisions and the commitments. When someone fails to keep a commitment, candidly and directly discuss the append with him or her.Please respond to FOUR of the questions below3. Consider intermediation as a form of alternative repugn resolution (ADR). What are the advantages of mediation relative to other forms of dis modele resolution such as courts and arbitration? What are the key attributes of an effective mediator? In Prosando, the mediator attempted to move the parties from a rights-based approach to an interests-based approach. What does this mean? How did he do this? Why did he do this? (Be sure to use theProsando video as an example to support your points as well as other course info).Mediation is a process in which a neutral third ships company (the mediator) dish outs the parties in resolving their dispute by facilitating negotiation. The mediator has no authority to impose a elimination, and the parties are und er no obligation to get ahead agreement. Mediation proceedings are broadly private and confidential. Benefits of successful mediation vary, depending on the parties needs and interests. The following are some common advantages of mediationParties are directly engaged in negotiating the settlement Parties in mediation have the opportunity to directly air their views and points, in the presence of their adversaries. The process can thus provide a catharsis for the parties that can engender a willingness to resolve the differences between them. Moreover, since parties are heard in the presence of neutral authority figures, the parties often feel that they have had their day in court. In the pleasure intentness, there are lots of egos at stake. Clients that have suffered may want an opportunity to tell their story, and clear up any misrepresentations that are exploited to the public.Parties enhance the possibility of go on their trading relationship after resolving the dispute litigation process can be very stressful, time consuming, costly and often personally painful. At the end of litigation, the parties are often unable to continue or restart a relationship. In contrast, mediation disputes can be resolved in a manner that saves a business or personal relationship that ultimately, the parties would prefer to preserve. Many relationships in the entertainment industry are of a collaborative nature, and it is pretty common for the parties in dispute to have had some success in prior artistic collaborations. If the fictive parties are able to overcome the hurdle of the dispute through mediation, there is the potential that the parties can continue producing successful artistic endeavors.Creative Thinking and Problem Solving. Litigation can never resolve both parties issues in a way that is simultaneously favorable to both parties. In a mediation, all parties involved can brainstorm together to find solutions that address most, if not all, of the issues th at are presented in the mediation. As stated earlier, people in the entertainment industry are creative by nature, and are known to think outside of the box. Mediation should be the least foreign process to anyone involved in any aspect of the entertainment industry.Mediation saves money through reduced legal costs and staff time By resolving disputes earlier in mediation rather than later in litigation, parties can save tremendous sums in attorneys fees, court costs and other related expenses.Mediation Helps in Complicated Cases When the facts and/or legal issues are particularly complicated, it can be difficult to sort them out through direct negotiations, or during trial. By contrast, mediation provides an opportunity to break down the facts and issues into smaller components, thereby enabling the parties to separate the matters that they agree upon, and those that they do not yet agree upon. The mediator can be indispensable to this process by separating, organizing, simplifyin g and addressing pertinent issues.Mediator is an important government agency in Mediation. In the Prosando case, the mediators goal is to help the parties settle their difference in a manner that meets their needs and is preferable to the litigation alternative. An experienced mediator can serve as a sounding board, help identify and frame the relevant interests and issues of the parties, help the parties test their case and set the risk/reward of pursuing the matter, and, if asked, provide a helpful and objective analysis of the merits to each of the parties, foster and even suggest creative solutions, and identify and assist in solving impediments to settlement. This is often accomplished by meeting with the parties separately in private caucuses, as well as in a group, so that all participants can speak with total candor during the mediation process. The mediator can also provide the persistence that is often necessary to help parties reach a resolution. To obtain interests, d etermine priorities and develop trust, the mediator in Prosando case used various questioning techniques. Since parties may be reluctant to disclose discipline that weakens their own insistence on positions, the mediator must dig for information and will typically start such inquiry with unrestricted questions. Important open-ended questions used by mediator were What do I need to know to understand this matter? Narrower or focused clarification questioning will come later during the mediation. As part to bring out hidden concerns and interests, mediator carefully listens to responses and pursues critically important follow-up questions. Follow-up is particularly important when the speaker unit reveals a goal or interest without specifying the reasons. Follow questions assure the revelation of the speakers priorities rather than ones the mediator powerfulness assume or gather. For example, after Prosandos president verbalize We have to move quickly, the mediator asked, Why is t ime so important? The mediator builds trust and assures the participants that he accurately understands the concerns and interests by using the active audition techniques. Active listening empathetically acknowledges what a party has said by reflecting back the essence of the statement with understanding but without evaluation. Active listening assures speakers that they have been understood, an important component of trust.Another effective technique that the mediator in the Prosando case uses was reframing. When mediators believe a partys interest or priority would be completely unacceptable to the opponent and couldnt form the basis of an agreement, he might try to reframe the interest into acceptable terms that could become part of a settlement.4. Based on ProfessorCialdinis six approaches to influence and persuasion, please identify and describe 3 of those and how and why they should work. How you can apply them in your work life?ReciprocityAs humans, we generally aim to retu rn favors, pay back debts, and treat others as they treat us. According to the idea of reciprocity, this can lead us to feel cause to reach out concessions or discounts to others if they have offered them to us. This is because were uncomfortable with feeling indebted to them. For example, if a colleague helps you when youre busy with a project, you might feel obliged to support her ideas for upward(a) team processes. You might decide to buy more from a supplier if they have offered you an aggressive discount. Or, you might give money to a charity fundraiser who has habituated you a flower in the street. One of the reasons reciprocation can be used so effectively as a device for gaining anothers compliance is its power. The witness possessed awesome strength, often producing a yes response to a request that except for an existing feeling of indebtedness would have surely been refused.Liking battalion prefer to say yes to those they know and like, Cialdini says. Physical attract iveness, similarity, and familiarity are three levers that can be employed to increase this liking factor. When looks are not a monumental issue, we like people that are similar to us, whether its similar opinions, personality traits, background, or life-style. So, smart persuaders dress like their targets, claim to have (or actually develop) similar backgrounds, lifestyles, attitudes, and beliefs. scarcenessWhen we are convinced that an opportunity or thing is limited in its availability, we are more easily persuaded to want it, and to take the actions necessary to get it. This convention says that things are more attractive when their availability is limited, or when we stand to lose the opportunity to acquire them on favorable terms. For instance, we might buy something immediately if were told that its the come through one, or that a special offer will soon expire. Moreover, a jerky increase in scarcity is more persuasive that constant scarcity, and, if the sudden increase i s due to demand for the item from others, it is more persuasive still.5. Identify and explain when contingent contracts or contingent provisions in a contract, might be useful to get a deal done. Referring to the article Betting on the future The virtues of contingent contracts Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct99, Vol. 77 Issue 5, p155-160, identify the benefits and issues to be alert of when considering contingent provisions or contracts.When contingent contracts or contingent provisions in a contract is useful to get a deal doneBypassing Biases Contingent contracts offer a different approach to solving the bias problem. By enabling each side to bet on its bias, the contracts remove the biases as sources of contention and ultimately have the effect of canceling them out altogether.Consider, for example, one of the most common biases affecting negotiators overconfidence. Companies, like individuals, tend to have an incorrect degree of confidence in their own abilities and, as a res ult, they tend to overestimate the likelihood of achieving positive outcomes. In a contingent contract, each side translates its overconfident assumptions into a wager on the future. The outcome of the wager tends to fall between the two extreme positions, creating a rational result without requiring either party to sacrifice its firmly held bias. Another bias common in negotiations is egocentrism, which occurs when negotiators hold self-serving perceptions about the fairness of their position. Here, too, contingent contracts can defuse the tension and constitute a rational outcome. Contingent contracts counter biases by, in essence, indulging them. They establish two contrasting future scenarios, each reflecting one partys biases. Because each side anticipates that its scenario will be the one that plays out, each has a strong incentive to accept the contract. In effect, contingent contracts allow negotiators to be flexible without feeling that theyve compromised.Diagnosing put-o n What makes information asymmetry so discomforting to companies is that it raises the possibility of deceit. Indeed, the fear of deceit can be a major impediment to all sorts of business agreements. Contingent contracts are a powerful means of uncovering deceit and neutralizing its consequences.Reduce Risk Using a contingent contract to share risk often has an important additional benefit it creates enormous goodwill. On the one hand, the contract provides a safety net, limiting each companys losses should an agreement go unexpectedly awry. On the other hand, it reduces the possibility of one company earning a windfall at the others expense. A contingent contract thus tends to enhance the trust between the parties, mountain the stage for mutually beneficial negotiations in the future. Companies can also use contingent contracts to reduce the risk their customers assume when they purchase a new and immature product.Motivation Another the benefits offered by contingent contracts is that they motivate parties to perform at or above contractually specified levels. Thats the driving force behind the use of contingent contracts in all kinds of compensation arrangements, from gross revenue commissions to stock options. Sports teams and entertainment companies routinely use contingent contracts to motivate athletes and artists, particularly those who have shown a neediness of motivation in the past. Contingent contracts are useful not just for motivating individuals, they can also motivate companies.While we believe that contingent contracts are valuable in many kinds of business negotiations, theyre not right in every situation. Managers should keep three points in mindFirst, contingent contracts require continuing interaction between the parties. After all, the final outcome of the contract will not be determined until sometime after the initial agreement is signed. Therefore, negotiators need to consider the nature of their future relationship with the other par ty. If the parties are seeking a spot transaction, or if theres outright ill will between the two, they should plausibly not enter into a contingent contract.Second, negotiators need to think about the enforceability of a contract. Under a contingent contract, it is probable that one or more of the parties will not receive its full value up front. In some cases, the deferred value may represent a significant portion of the boilersuit value. What if the loser of the bet refuses to pay up? What should the winner do? There are many ways to solve such issues-placing money in escrow, for instance. Our main message is, dont bet if you cant collect.Third, contingent contracts require transparency. The future event the parties bet on must be one that both sides can observe and measure and that neither side can covertly manipulate. Vague bets set the stage for different interpretations later. The terms of the bet should be clearly delineated in the contract.6. Consider the article The Chin ese Negotiation Harvard Business Review, Oct. 2003, Vol. 81 Issue 10, p. 82-91. Based on that article, identify and describe 3 concepts you should be aware of in order to negotiate effectively in China.The first concept in Chinese Negotiaitons is Guanxi (Personal Connections) In fact, personal connections doesnt do justice to the fundamental, and complex, concept of guanxi. While Americans put a premium on networking, information, and institutions, the Chinese place a premium on individuals social capital within their group of friends, relatives, and close associates. Though the role of guanxi is fading a bit against the backdrop of population mobility and the Wetsernization of some Chinese business practices, it remains an important social force. More often than not, the person with the best guanxi wins.Heres an example of how guanxi works. Upon learning that China Post Savings Bureau planned to modernize its computer network, C.T Teng, the general manager of Honeywell-Bulls Greate r China Region, asked his Beijing sales director and the China Post executive were old university friends, they has guanxi. That connection enabled Teng to invite the China Post executive to a partners forum at Honeywell-Bull headquarters in Boston. He also invited the CEO of Taiwans Institute of Information Industry to the event. Over the course of the meeting, Teng proposed a banking system using Honeywell-Bull hardware and Taiwan Institute computer software to China Posts CEO, and the deal was accepted.Good Guanxi also depends on a strict system of reciprocity, or what the Chinese call hui bao. This does not mean immediate, American-style reciprocity I made a concession, and I expect one in return at the table that day. In China, theres no hurry agrarian rhythms run long. Favors are almost always remembered and returned, though not right away. This long-term reciprocity is a cornerstone of enduring personal relationships. Ignoring reciprocity in China is not just bad manners its immoral. If someone is labeled wang en fuyi (one who forgets favors and fails on righteousness and loyalty), it poisons the well for all future business.The second concept we should be aware of is Zhongjian Ren (The Intermediary) Business deals for Americans in China dont have a chance without the zhongjian ren, the intermediary. In the US, we tend to trust others until or unless were given reason not to. In China, qualm and distrust characterize all meetings with strangers. In business, trust cant be earned because business relationships cant even be formed without it. Instead, trust must be transmitted via guanxi. That is, a trusted business associate of yours must pass you along to his trusted business associates. In China, the crucial first whole feeling in this phase of negotiation, called nontask sounding, is finding the personal links to your target organizations or executive.Those links can be hometown, family, school or previous business ties. Whats crucial is that the links be based on personal experience. For example, you call your former classmate and ask him to set up a dinner meeting with his friend. dearly-won meals at nice places are key. If things go well, his friend accepts the role of zhongjian ren and in turn sets up a meeting with your potential client or business partner, whom he knows quite well.A talented Chinese go-between in indispensable even after the initial meeting takes place. Consider what happens during a typical Sino-Western negotiation session. Rather than just saying no outright, Chinese businesspeople are more likely to change the subject, turn silent, ask another question, or respond by using ambiguous and vaguely positive expressions with subtle negative implications, such as hai bu cuo (seems not wrong), hai hao (seems fairly all right), and hai xing or hai key i (appears fairly passable).Only a native Chinese speaker can read and explain the moods, intonation, facial expressions and body language Chinese negotiator s butt during a formal negotiation session. Frequently, only the zhongjian ren can determine whats going on. When an impatient Westerner asks what the Chinese think of a proposal, the respondents will invariably offer to kan kan or yanjiu yanjiu, which means, Let us take a look or Let us study it even if they think the proposal stinks. This is where the zhongjian ren can step in because he is an interpreter not so some(prenominal) or words as of cultures. Often, the two parties can say frankly to the intermediary what they cannot say to each other. In China, the intermediary not the negotiator first brings up the business issue to be discussed. And the intermediary often settles differences. Indeed, we have seen more than one zhongjian ren successfully deal with divisive disagreements. The following is one such caseA VP of a New York-based software company went to Beijing to negotiate a distribution contract with a Chinese research institute. Having attended meetings arranged b y the intermediary a former senior executive with the institute the VP was pleased with the progress during the first two days. But on the third day, the two sides became embroiled in a fruitless debate over intellectual proportion rights. Feeling they were losing face, the Chinese ended the meeting. That night, the VP and the China country manager met with the intermediary. The following day, the intermediary called the head of the institute and worked his magic. In the end, both sides agreed that the intellectual belongings rights were to be jointly owned, and the contract was signed.Another important concept in Chinese Negotiation is Jiejan (Thrift) Chinas long history of economic and political instability has taught its people to sae their money, a practice known as jiejan. According to market research firm Euromonitor International, mainland Chinese save nearly four times as much of their household income as Americans do. The focus on savings results, in business negotiati on, in a lot of bargaining over price usually though haggling.Chinese negotiators will pad their offers with more room to maneuver than most Americans are used to, and they will make concessions on price with great disinclination and only after lengthy discussions. In fact, we have often seen Americans laugh at the Chinese base price or get angry at unreasonable Chinese counteroffers. To make matters worse, the Chinese are adept at using silence as a negotiation tactic. This leaves Americans in the awkward position of negotiating by asking questions, directly or through the intermediary. In defending price positions, the Chinese use patience and silence as formidable weapons against American impatience and volubility. Westerners should not be put off by aggressive first offers by the Chinese they expect both sides to make concessions eventually, particularly on prices.

Utilitarian Response To Objections Regarding Justice And Supererogation Philosophy Essay

Utilitarian Response To Objections Regarding Justice And Supererogation Philosophy EssayIn this essay I am red ink to firstly explain the concept of utilitarianism. I volition then discuss the problems it faces regarding both justice and supererogation before evaluating whether the arguments for these objections are convincing and whether a utilitarian bed give a response.Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that relies on the principle of utility to determine the moral rightness or wrongness of an come token. It is because a consequentialist theory, since it relies fundament aloney on the principle that the moral worth of an twist token is judged solely on that acts ability to exploit utility. This utility give the axe be repaird in a variety of ways, for example knowledge or preference satisf attain, nevertheless for the purpose of this essay I am going to define utility as John Stuart Mill didActions are right in pro packet as they go to promote felicitousness wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure.1A general definition of utilitarianism cleverness at that placefore go as followsAn act token A is chastely right if and only if it produces as much or more than happiness for all those involved than any available alternative.Bentham proposed a system of calculating the total value of an actions consequences, which is known as the felicific calculus2. This takes into account the intensity, duration, likelihood etc. of the pleasures and application which result from our actions and utilitarians suggest that by using this system we are able to compare the morality of actions. They believe that we ought always to choose the act that produces the most boilersuit utility.Some of the main objections made in response to utilitarianism are based on the concepts of justice and fairness. Some people hold that utilitarianism is incom patible with justice and that it can imply that in certain stakes it is morally right for us to treat people unfairly and violate what we intuitively believe to be their moral and obliging rights. These objections arise out of the fact that utilitarians determine the rightness and wrongness of all actions by using what is known as the Greatest Happiness Principle (GHP). If an action satisfies this principle, then it produces the greatest happiness or utility for the greatest amount of people.This raises problems in regards to justice and in particular, the rights of the individual and democratic equality. The first justice-related objection I am going to get a line is problem of the violation of rights, since, in a utilitarian society, rights are only justified if they are essential to the maximisation of happiness. hence if a right is not essential to the overall happiness of a given society, then a utilitarian society is not required to cling to it.An example of this would be to imagine a minority group within a society who engaged in a religious practise of a sexual genius which offended the rest of the society. If this was a utilitarian society, the GHP would determine that preventing the minority group from performing these practises would be the morally right affaire to do, because it would maximise the overall utility of the society. This seems intuitively problematic since it appears to violate the minoritys civil right to the freedom of religion.The second justice-related objection I am going consider relates to the nature of the GHP principle itself, and the feel that it is a purely collective principle, only concerned with maximising the overall amount of utility.An example of why this is problematic becomes apparent if we consider the act of genocide. It might be the case that in a given society, the extermination of a certain minority (E.G 100 people) would generate an increase in happiness for the majority (E.G 1,000,000 people.) Utilitar ianisms GHP would determine that in this case, genocide was the morally right act to perform, since the consequence of the action would promote happiness in the larger portion of the population. However our intuitions tell us that genocide is never something we ought to do, yet in this case utilitarianism seems to tell us not only that we ought to do it, but that it is morally right.A third justice-related objection I am going to consider relates to the notion of punishment. An example of this would be to imagine that there had been a series of murders in a town that were generally believed to cave in been committed by a homeless man. Following these murders there has been an outbreak of rioting in the town and the murders of some(prenominal) other homeless people have occurred. The sheriff has a homeless man in his custody that has no friends or family and knows that by executing this man, the rioting and murders will stop. The sheriff however knows that this particular homeless man is innocent. In this case utilitarianism would determine that it is morally right to convict and consequently execute the innocent man, because it promotes the most happiness within the given community, and prevents the rioters from causing anymore pain. However this again goes against our intuitions that it is wrong to punish the innocent.These objections do at first seem very convincing because they bring up to our moral intuitions. However a utilitarian might respond to these cases by suggesting a variation on the classical version of utilitarianism rule-utilitarianism. Rule-utilitarianism determines the rightness and wrongness of an act by finding the best rules of conduct that if followed by the majority of a society, would maximise the overall utility of that society. Rule-utilitarians may therefore suggest that in the tenacious run, the rules protecting the civil right to the freedom of religion, not committing genocide and not punishing the innocent would create more overall utility, when followed by all or the majority of a society than not following them on these particular occasions. Rule-utilitarianism might therefore suggest that to follow these rules would be the morally right thing to do.I will now move on to look at some objections to utilitarianism regarding supererogatory actions. The problem is that utilitarianism does not appear to allow for supererogatory acts. An act is said to be supererogatory if and only if it satisfies the following conditions1) It is morally optional2) It is morally praiseworthy3) It goes beyond the call of dutySince utilitarianism requires that in any situation we may find ourselves in, we are morally obligated to perform the act that brings about the best possible consequences, it appears to leave no style for supererogation.An example of this would be to imagine a man faced with a decision of whether to run into a burning building and save the five people trapped indoors it himself, or to stay at a safe d istance and call the emergency services. We are inclined to say that both actions are morally right since both aim to preserve the utility of the people trapped inside the building, however utilitarianism would seem to suggest that the only action that is morally right and therefrom morally obligatory in this situation, is for the man to run into the burning building himself, since that would maximise the utility of all the people involved. It would seem then that utilitarianism leaves no room for doing more than duty requires.Some have claimed however that utilitarianism can accommodate the three conditions of supererogation there will often be acts which are morally optional in case where there is more than one act which would maximise utility, and some of these acts will also be morally praiseworthy. The popular example apply to illustrate this is that of Smith, who is given the option to save his own biography or Jones life, on the basis that utility will be maximised either way. If Smith saves Jones life instead of his own, he is doing something that is both morally optional and morally praiseworthy. Smiths action of saving Jones is also often considered to go beyond the call of duty, since he is doing more for others than he is required to. However this notion of requirement seems unclear and it seems that supererogation should involve doing more of what there is moral reason to do. In this case however, utilitarianism would deny that there was more moral reason for Smith to save Jones rather than himself, since both acts would maximise utility.Utilitarianism also seems to have the consequence of suggesting that many supererogatory acts are wrong. The common example used to illustrate this is the intuitively supererogatory act of Smith taking Jones out for lunch. If taking to Jones to the most expensive restaurant in town would maximise the overall utility of everyone involved, then utilitarianism inevitably leads to the suggestion that taking Jones to a moderately priced restaurant would be morally wrong.Objections such as these have led some utilitarians to a variation of the classical theory satisficing consequentialism. This theory determines an action as morally right if it promotes a good enough outcome, however there are some obvious problems with this theory. The main challenge facing satisficing consequentialists is to explain when an outcome is good enough it is not clear whether there is an exacting level of goodness which we ought to abide by or whether levels of goodness are relative to each individual situation.In conclusion it seems that although utilitarianism appears at first to be correct in focussing on the consequences of our actions, the principles which form the basis of the theory are not without their problems.The objections put forward about the issues such justice and supererogation that I have considered are all very convincing and although different variations of utilitarianism have attempted to, an d often been successful in responding to those objections, there appears to be no integrate version of the theory which can respond to them all. Satisficing consequentialism for example, may be successful in responding to objections regarding supererogation, but may not necessarily be adequate in responding to objections regarding justice. This is obviously problematic because it means we are left with what appears to be an incomplete moral theory.Since it appears that all the objections to utilitarianism that I have considered are rooted in the notion that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, we might perhaps be better advised to look to a non-consequentialist theory of morality, such as deontology, for a theory of morality that does not suffer from the same objections.

Character Analysis of Eveline from James Joyces Dubliners :: Dubliners Essays

Eveline Character Analysis Bibliography w/3 sources There is no more scurvy human being than one in whom nothing is habitual still indecision ( crowd). Originally appearing in Dubliners, a compilation of vignettes by James Joyce, his short story Eveline is the tale of such an unfortunate individual. Anxious, timid, scared, perhaps even terrified -- all these describe Eveline. She is a frightened, indecisive young woman self-contained between her past and her future. Eveline loves her get but is fearful of him. She tries to hold onto good memories of her father, thinking sometimes he could be very nice (Joyce 5), but has seen what her father has done to her siblings when he would hunt them in out of the field with his blackthorn stick (Joyce 4). As of late she has begun to feel herself in danger of her fathers violence (Joyce 4). Ironically, her father has begun to threaten her and say what hed do to her only for her dead fathers sake (Joyce 5). Eveline wants a new liveness bu t is afraid to let go of her past. She dreams of a place where people would treat her with respect (Joyce 4) and when contemplating her future, hopes to explore a new life with Frank (Joyce 5). When, in a moment of terror she realizes that she must escape (Joyce 6), it seems to steel her determination to make a new home for herself elsewhere. On the other hand, she is comfortable with the long-familiar objects from which she had never dreamed of being divided (Joyce 4). She rationalizes that In her home anyway she had shelter and food she had those whom she had known all her life about her (Joyce 4). As she reflects on her past she discovers now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life (Joyce 5). Eveline wants to keep the deathbed pledge made to her make but is alarmed at the prospect of sharing her mothers fate. Her mother was ill-treated in life and Eveline vows that she would not be treated as her mother had been (Joyce 4). She has had a life filled with hardship and chafes under her promise to keep the home together as long as she could (Joyce 6). When she recalls the pitiful vision of her mothers life (Joyce 6) she is uncertain of what to do and prays to god to direct her, to show her what was her duty (Joyce 6).

dress codes :: essays research papers

Are School Uniforms Good Or Bad?A safe and structured learning environment is the first requirement of a smashing prepare. Children who feel safe and secure will better learn basic American values.For some schools violence may be a minor issue. For former(a) schools it may be a daily concern. Threats of violence can keep students away from school. To make schools, safer everyone can and must financial aid stop the violence that goes on at school. By everyone helping we can help solve the problem. I believe school uniforms should be required in public schools because it will help stop violence, lower cost for parents and help kids learn at school.One reason for having school uniforms is to stop violence that is goes on at schools. By having requisite uniforms students can no longer bring weapons to school. Weapons are hard to conceal when split uping school uniforms. American public schools are facing violence on campus at an unprecedented rate. The National School Board Associa tion estimates that approximately 135,000 guns are brought to Americas 85,000 public schools on a daily basis. (Madrid 1) When students wear street uniform they have more places to hide weapons. By wearing school uniforms fewer weapons are brought to school and school functions. When weapons arent brought to school the school is a safe and structured learning environment. Students can no longer wear bagging clothes to hide weapons. Gangs usually wear bagging clothes to hide guns and drugs. The statistics say that schools having a school uniform policy have seen a decrease in crime. Long Beach Unified School regularise was the first large urban school district in the United States to require school uniforms. They have seen substantial decreases in crime in the ultimo five years since they have required uniforms. One incredible reduction was that sex offenses have decreased 93%.

Ergotism Essay -- Health, Diseases, Medicine

The symptoms described in this case such as headaches, skin irritation, painful cramps and seizures ar all leafy vegetable in a disease know as Ergotism. Ergotism is caused by the ingestion of alkaloids (ergotamines) produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea (C. purpurea), which infects mainly Secale cereal (rye) and other cereals. This results in ergot poisoning (Alderman et al., 1999). All species of Claviceps atomic number 18 given the general term ergot and the majority of Claviceps species are restricted to only one or several grass genera. The exception is common ergot caused by C. purpurea, which contains a host range beyond 200 species of grasses (Alderman et al., 1999). C. purpurea, unlike other Claviceps species is distributed throughout the world and can survive in different temperature climates (including a colder places such as Southern England), further suggesting it is the most likely causative agent. Ergotism can be divided into two groups of symptoms, convulsive and gangrenous. spasmodic ergotism is usually characterized by nervous dysfunction such as wry neck, which was reported in the past as convulsions. The fact that many people died from mortification clearly suggests that the ergotism suffered is not convulsive, as symptoms of gangrene were not present. Gangrene develops when the supply of blood is cut off to the affected part (ischemia) due to infection, trauma or vascular disease with the most common sites being the fingers, toes and hands. This further suggests that the condition is gangrenous ergotism, this can be supported by physical examination of the longanimous and blood tests. A CT scan or MRI can help to find out the amount of gas present and the extent to which tissues are damaged, however these tests were obviously n... ...illion of these occurring in children younger than 5 years (Epidemiological Record, 2007). In patients in developing countries such as Cameroons, invasive pneumococcal pneumonia has a high-pitched mortality rate (WHOInt, 2003).In terms of treatment and prophylaxis, appropriate antibiotics can help to treat S. pneumoniae infections via outpatient treatment. Prior to antibiotic therapy, steroids can be given in children older than 6 weeks suffering with possible pneumococcal meningitis and should be given before or at the time of the first dose of antibiotics (Pickering et al,.2009). The use of penicillin, ceftriaxone or ampicillin sulbactam is usually appropriate with hospitalized children, therapy should account for local resistance patterns. Immunocompromised children suspected of pneumococcal pneumonia should take vancomycin and a broad spectrum cephalosporin.

Sleeping Disorders and the I-Function :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Sleeping Disorders and the I-FunctionAs we all know, short sleep is an important part of our lives. Without the proper amounts and type of sleep, fatigue and other problems can arise. Generally, we can clearly distinguish between a sleeping person and a person that is awake. With sleeping disorders, the characteristic between an awake person and a sleeping person becomes more intriguing. What is the difference, how does it relate to the I-function and consciousness? all(prenominal) sleeping disorder has its own unique respond to this question. It is essential to understand sleep to fully appreciate it. However, many aspects of it remain a mystery. We do have some degree of understanding of sleep. Within our sleep cycle a type of unusual sleep occurs, rapid eye movement sleep. During this cycle the periods of REM sleep are interspersed with slow wave sleep in alternation. Each period of REM sleep (there are usually 4 or 5 periods a night) lasts for approximately 5 to 30 minutes. During these periods a sleep problem occurs. An enormous amount of brain activity takes place this is sometimes even more activity then when awake. This clearly indicates that sleep is not simply to abide our mind and not to think. So, during this period our brains are extremely active, yet there is usually no input or output. During this period, along with the random eye political campaign (REM), there is a complete loss of muscle tone. Essentially, at this point, the motor system is paralyzed (normally the body inhibits any movement). The autonomic nervous system likewise alters its behavior. The regulation of body temperature is lost and the blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rates shows increased variability. REM sleep can be detected by measurement the electrical activity of the brain with an electroencephalogram. At this point, the EEG will show the same pattern of activity as when the brain is awake. It is fascinating that at this point, REM sleep, where dreaming is frequent, the body shuts itself down. If, as suggested in class, the I-function is active at this stage, it is interesting that all body movement is inhibited. During other stages in which there are synchronized EEGs, and the I-function is not supposed to be present, the body does not inhibit all motor activity. This seems to imply that when the I-function is present it will control the body as it sees fit. oneness of the more ubiquitous parasomnias is sleep talking or somniloquy.

Essay --

Throughout history the human race has sought forms of entertainment. Whether it be in the form of a simple game, a grandiose tournament or a simple play production, we pitch always sought to entertain ourselves. In recent eld as the film industry has continued to grow and evolve a new genre has emerged the mainstream popular culture. One big idea changed the course of a genre and an entire Industry. That would be comic book movies. The first moderately successful Marvel film was X-Men, this was the first time that the superhero genre made a successful transition from the comic book to the silver screen. It was a movie that was enjoyable not just just for fans but for non-fans of the comics as well. X-Men was released in 2000, the budget for the film was $75 million, which is incredibly lowed compared to the average movie budget which is between $120-200 million these days. The Box office total for the film was $296,339,527, which back in 2000 would have been a rather respectable b ox office take. Something to keep in mind about this movie is that the computer generated special effects that are so common in movies today, were rather under developed, which would lend to the smaller budget as well as the more practical effects that are have in the movie. This is also why the film feels rather bland when one goes back and watches it now, there was a lot of walking and talking in this film, not much action.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_filmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_moviesPrior to the X-Men movies though there had been three other Marvel movies that had been released, however all three could be deemed failures. The three films were the 1989 The Punisher, which was actually released directly... ... the Guardians of the Galaxy in August, and the Avengers 2 in 2015, followed by Ant-Man. Marvel has also made a deal with Netflix to create four shows based off their characters to be released in 2015, scratch line with Daredevil, which is a m ajor slap in the face to 20th century Fox who previously owned the rights and I love it. The awesome part is that these shows give take place in the established Marvel Cinematic Universe, then the four characters are going to come together into a mini serial called the defenders which is comparable to the avengers. This just goes to show how this idea of the shared universe has spread beyond just the cinema now, but to television as well, and not only just television but online movie streaming. These shows will never actually be released on television, but purely on Netflix. Which will be a massive boost for Netflix and for marvel.